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Buyers & SellersBuyers & Sellers — locked When someone makes or has something, they can sell it; when someone wants something, they can buy it; introduction to the concept of exchange and transactionsGoods & ServicesGoods & Services — frontier Some people make things (goods) and some people do things for others (services); recognising both in everyday life and understanding that both have valueMaking Something to SellMaking Something to Sell — locked The experience of creating a product to sell — a craft, a drawing, baked goods; what makes something worth buying; pride in making something others wantTeamwork in BusinessTeamwork in Business — frontier Most businesses need more than one person; working together, dividing tasks, and using different people's strengths; the value of teamwork in businessScaling UpScaling Up — locked What happens when a small business grows; making more products, hiring people, reaching more customers; the challenges and opportunities of scalingSupply ChainsSupply Chains — locked Where products come from before they reach the customer; raw materials, making, transporting, and selling; the journey of a product from start to finishBuying ThingsBuying Things — locked How buying and selling works: prices, paying for items, receiving change; the basic transaction process in shops and marketsCoins & NotesCoins & Notes — locked Recognising common coins and notes, knowing their values, and understanding that different combinations can make the same amountJobs People DoJobs People Do — frontier Different kinds of work people do; that people earn money by working; how jobs help the community; linking personal interests to possible jobsNeeds & WantsNeeds & Wants — locked The difference between things we need (food, shelter, clothing) and things we want (toys, treats); that we sometimes have to choose because money is limitedSaving MoneySaving Money — locked Why people save money; piggy banks and saving jars; setting a savings goal; the idea that not spending now means having more laterWhat Money IsWhat Money Is — frontier What money is and why we use it; that money is exchanged for goods and services; brief history from barter to coins to digital paymentsEarning MoneyEarning Money — locked Ways that children and adults earn money; the connection between work, skills and pay; that harder or more skilled work often pays moreHow the Economy WorksHow the Economy Works — locked What an economy is; producers and consumers; supply and demand; why prices change; the basics of how markets work
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Mass Extinctions in Earth History

Science · Dinosaurs & Paleontology · conceptual

Compare the five major mass extinction events in Earth history (End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, K-Pg), describe proposed kill mechanisms for each (glaciation, oceanic anoxia, volcanic mega-eruptions, asteroid impact), and explain why mass extinctions, while catastrophic, also open ecological space for subsequent evolutionary radiations

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What mastery looks like

  • Names all five major mass extinctions in chronological order with approximate dates
  • Describes the End-Permian extinction as the most severe and links it to the Siberian Traps volcanic eruption and its atmospheric consequences
  • Explains how each mass extinction was followed by an adaptive radiation — e.g. the K-Pg extinction removing non-avian dinosaurs allowed mammals to diversify and eventually produce humans

Check your understanding

Can Mass Extinctions in Earth History explain that the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs was actually the fifth mass extinction in Earth history — and describe what happened in the worst one, which killed over 90% of all species?

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